University of Bologna
Law schools existed in Bologna from the second half of the 12th century, with 1088 often considered to be the date on which teaching outside of ecclesiastical schools began.In 1158, petitions by Bolognese doctors of law led to Emperor Barbarossa granting the “Authentic Habita“, which granted various rights to students and masters but did not name Bologna or any other particular place of study.However, it is unlikely that the university had become organised by the 1150s, and this may have been as late as the 1180s.The law schools appear to have remained independent, private entities until around 1180, but became organised over the following decade. In 1189 the masters made an agreement with the commune not to transfer the studium to another town, while the Lombard students were organised into a nation by 1191.
